Corpus Callosum, Partial Agenesis of, X-Linked

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WHO-ICD-10 version:2010

Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities

Congenital malformations of the nervous system

OMIM Number

304100

Mode of Inheritance

X-linked

Gene Map Locus

Xq28

Description

The corpus callosum is a thin band of white matter that forms during the embryonic development of the brain and serves to connect the two cerebral hemispheres. X-linked dysgenesis of the corpus callosum is a condition, wherein a partial failure of the development of this important cerebral structure is evinced. This condition is usually not associated with any neuronopathies and is, therefore, non-syndromic as compared to the syndromic forms of corpus callosum agenesis, usually inherited in an autosomal manner. Most common symptoms associated with this condition include macrocephaly, seizures, and developmental delay. Some patients may also show mental retardation, spasticity, microcephaly, hypertelorism, and/or unusual facies.

Detection of this condition by sonographic evaluation of the fetus is complicated by the difficulties in visualizing this thin band in the scans. However, examinations after 20 weeks gestation can give a definite idea. The seizures are difficult to control.

Molecular Genetics

In families where this condition occurs in multiple members, male patients are seen to be connected through females, suggesting an X-linked mode of inheritance. Studies have indicated that mutations in the L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) are responsible for the dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. The L1CAM gene is located on chromosome X, and codes for a protein with an important role in the development of the nervous system.

Epidemiology in the Arab World

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Other Reports

Oman

Ahmed and Al-Kusaiby (1996) reported a rare association of myoclonic seizures with visual impairment in two Omani male infants with agenesis of corpus callosum. There was no evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction on endocrinolgical workup in both patients. The first was a male baby (four and a half-months of age) born to consanguineous parents and presented with myocolnic seizures, especially in the morning, accompanied by a shrill cry. He had a microcephalic head and was hypotonic with head lag. Examination of the eyes revealed intermittent nystagmus, poor visual perception to light along with bilateral diminished pupillary light reflex and optic nerve hypoplasia (small pale optic discs on fundoscopy). CT brain showed partial agenesis of corpus callosum with fusion of both lateral ventricles and mild cortical atrophy. There was absent visual response in both eyes in the visual evoked potential (VEP) study confirming the visual impairment. EEG showed the hypsarrythmic pattern of myoclonus of infancy. The other baby (eight-months old) presented with developmental delay, poor vision since birth, along with attacks of generalized jerkiness of the head and trunk with flexion of the limbs. Like the first case, he had poor pupillary light reflex along with pale optic discs, partial agenesis of corpus callosum on CT brain, absent response in VEP study, even on pattern reversal, and the EEG showed hypsarrythmic pattern with burst suppression. In both cases, the seizures were controlled with the help of anticovulsants.

[Ahmed SR, Al-Kusaiby SM. Agenesis of corpus callosum with myoclonus. Oman Med J. 1996; 13(2):38-9.]

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