Ewing Sarcoma

Alternative Names

  • ES
  • Neuroepithelioma, Peripheral
  • PNE
  • Askin Tumor
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WHO-ICD-10 version:2010

Neoplasms

Malignant neoplasms

OMIM Number

612219

Mode of Inheritance

Autosomal dominant

Gene Map Locus

22q12.2

Description

The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (primitive neuroectodermal tumors; PNET) comprise morphologically heterogeneous tumors that are characterized by nonrandom chromosomal translocations involving the EWS gene on chromosome 22q12 and one of several members of the ETS family of transcription factors. The tumors include Ewing sarcoma, peripheral neuroepithelioma, and Askin tumor. In approximately 90% of cases of ESFT, the FLI1 gene on chromosome 11 is the fusion partner of EWS; in approximately 10%, the EWS fusion partner is the ERG gene on chromosome 22. Many other ETS family members have been identified as fusion partners of EWS, but these cases are rare. [From OMIM]

Epidemiology in the Arab World

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Other Reports

Kuwait

Alfeeli et al. (2005) presented the features of a Ewing sarcoma of the rib on a 3-phase bone scan in a child who was being investigated for rib fracture after trauma.

Oman

Sharma et al. (2000) were the first to report primary Ewing's sarcoma of the great wing of the sphenoid bone. The patient was a 16-year-old female who presented with one month history of progressive swelling (felt hot on touching) in the left temporal region, proptosis and diminished vision in the left eye. She also had a history of feeling warm at night and had a foreign body sensation in her throat. Clinically, she had a mildly tender non-pulsatile firm swelling (five cm in diameter), with no bruit at the left temporal region, along with left sided proptosis, left lateral rectus and left superior oblique palsies with impaired left nasal field of vision. Her blood investigations were normal other than mild anemia with leucocytosis. An interruption of the left oblique orbital line was detected on skull X-ray. CT scan of the brain revealed a large mixed attenuation mass with small cystic lesions in the left greater wing of the sphenoid bone, which extended to the left orbital cavity, middle cranial fossa, temporal and infra-temporal fossa, retromaxillary and parapharyngeal regions. No other abnormality was detected on skeletal survey, abdominal ultrasound and chest radiographs. Total excision of the mass (later confirmed by CT scan), which turned out to be a vascular tumor arising from the greater wing of the sphenoid bone with areas of hemorrhages and necrosis, was done through left trans-orbital-temporo-subtemporal approach, with intact dura mater of the middle fossa, the left periorbita, and temporalis muscle. Postoperatively, there was improvement of her vision as well as the extraorbital palsies and the foreign body sensation in the throat had gone. Intra-operative frozen section biopsy and paraffin sections had demonstrated malignant small cell neoplasm infiltrating the bone. The diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma was made by detection of intra-cytoplasmic glycogen (PAS positive diastase labile granules) and immunohistochemistry results (negative reaction against vimentin, desmin, NSE, myoglobin, S-100, LCA and GFAP). After the surgical excision, the patient received one course of local radiotherapy, followed by chemotherapy. The patient remained well with no clinical or radiological recurrence after one year of follow up.

 

Saudi Arabia

Jenkin et al. (2001) To evaluated the outcome and prognostic factors in Saudi Arabian patients with metastatic Ewing sarcoma and PNET of bone (PMES) at diagnosis. Of a total of 304 patients observed from 1975 to 1998, 99 (33%) consecutive patients with Ewing sarcoma and PNET of bone had metastatic disease at registration and 93 were available for analysis. The maximum x-axis diameter of the primary tumor was used as the measure of primary tumor size. Standard chemotherapy regimens were used in all treated patients. Forty-one (44%) patients did not receive radical local treatment due to an inadequate response to chemotherapy, or a decision not to undertake more than palliative treatment. Radical treatment of the primary site was radiation alone 41 (79%), resection alone 7 (13%), and resection and radiation 4 (8%). The 5-year survival rates were 9% for all 93 evaluable patients, 16% for 52 patients who received chemotherapy and radical local treatment, 0% for 41 patients who received lesser treatment, 19% for 43 patients with lung metastases alone, and 0% (P = 0.002) for 50 patients with other sites involved. For 60 patients with imaging data, 5-year survivals were 34 and 0% when the maximum transverse diameter of the primary tumor was < 10 cm (N = 20) and > or = 10 cm (N = 40), respectively. Jenkin et al. (2002) further compared results related to localized Ewing Sarcoma/PNET bone in Saudi Arabia with results from countries with well developed health care systems. This retrospective analysis included 163 consecutive patients of all ages, treated with radical intent from 1975 to 1998. Standard chemotherapy was commenced in all patients. The local treatment modality was resection +/- radiation in 30% and radiation treatment alone in 67%. Three year survival significantly increased with the year of diagnosis, 1975-1988 45%; 1989-1993 55%; and 1993-1998 63% (P = 0.006). Favorable prognostic factors were age < or =14 (P = 0.07); site, distal extremity, and skull (P = 0.08); and volume < or = 200 ml (P = 0.06). Secondary prognostic factors were response to induction chemotherapy, both histological, 100% necrosis, (P = 0.04) and clinical CR+PR, (P = 0.02). From 1994 to 1998, 3 year survival for tumors in the distal extremity and skull was 80% and for small tumors, < 200 ml, at any site was 82%. In comparison, the 3 year survival for patients with tumors at any other sites was 60%, and for tumors >200 ml, 55%.

 

United Arab Emirates

Adams et al. (2006) reported the case of a 23-year-old man with malignant hyperthermia and a painful, swollen right shoulder. He sustained a traumatic fracture of the proximal right humerus 2 years previously. Examination revealed hot, tender swelling of the right shoulder with reduced range of movement. Radiographs showed features typical of Ewing sarcoma, and a 3-phase bone scan confirmed the presence of a primary bone tumor of the right humerus. Given the patient's high, unremitting fever, an Infecton scan was done to exclude a concomitant infection. The Infecton concentrated in the right shoulder. A biopsy of the humerus showed histopathologic features typical of Ewing sarcoma.

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