Ansari et al. (2006) carried out a prospective study on 58 patients with lower gastrointestinal symptoms at the Bahrain Specialist Hospital from July 2004 to April 2005 to compare RANTES expression between intestinal biopsy specimens of patients with Crohn's disease and those with ulcerative colitis. In this study, endoscopic colonic biopsy specimens were taken from every patient and subjected to routine hematoxylin and eosin staining examination by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry for examination of RANTES protein expression by light microscopy and in situ hybridization for examination of RANTES mRNA expression by light microscopy. Of the patients, 40 had IBD (21 had Crohn's disease and 19 had ulcerative colitis) and 15 were controls with normal colonic biopsy results or non-inflammatory lesions and three had colonic inflammatory lesions other than IBD. Ansari et al. (2006) found that RANTES expression in lymphocytes or histiocytes was significantly higher (p = 0.04) in new patients with ulcerative colitis than in those with Crohn's disease analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Ellis et al. (2005) conducted a prospective observational study of hematological-malignancy patients undergoing chemotherapy. During systemic inflammatory response syndrome/sepsis or severe sepsis/septic shock mean concentrations of RANTES were 3394 or 2939 pg/ml, respectively, significantly lower than those prior to fever (6031 pg/ml) (P < 0.01) or at bone-marrow recovery (6433 pg/ml, P < 0.001). Levels during febrile-bacteremia were lower compared with febrile-non-bacteremia (3022 pg/ml vs. 5111 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.01). Sixty-three of 67 infection episodes resolved despite low RANTES concentrations, suggesting RANTES is not a prerequisite for recovering from most infection events. However, in four patients dying from septic shock associated with aspergillosis, candidosis, pneumonia or infectious colitis, RANTES concentrations were persistently and extremely low (1629 pg/ml), compared with four matched patients who recovered (6780 pg/ml).